Zooplankton Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

A more detailed understanding of the pump’s ability to remove carbon will improve climate models and the ability to forecast the potential impacts of global heating. Despite how far offshore and difficult to reach the twilight zone is, recent technology innovations have begun to make it a more attractive location for commercial fisheries. We need to understand the impact such activities would have not only on the ecosystem, but also on the biological carbon pump and its ability to help us fight the climate crisis. As the level of carbon dioxide in Earth’s atmosphere rises, the ocean’s pH—a measure of alkalinity and acidity—has fallen, meaning that it has become less alkaline and more acidic.
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• The ocean’s ability to absorb carbon dioxide varies over time and space and is predicted to decline over the rest of this century.

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• These tiny cells, some only a micron across, are invisible but present in numbers of hundreds of thousands of cells per tablespoon of ocean water.

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• Many creatures called zooplankton are also tiny protists, but the category simultaneously includes animals on the other end of the size scale.
• Scientists think that the extent of sea ice and the temperature of the ocean each year may influence the balance between salp and krill populations.

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• The ocean’s so-called biological carbon pump removes carbon from the atmosphere and stores it deep in the ocean on timescales that are important to the lifespan of humans.

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• Every evening in the ocean, animals that spend their days in the deep, dark waters of the ocean’s twilight zone swim to the surface to feed.

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How does the biological carbon pump export carbon to the deep ocean?

Scientists have found that some zooplankton from the sunlit zone migrate down into the midnight zone during the day to avoid predators. The midnight zone is also where many larvae spend time developing before they migrate to other regions of the ocean as adults. The smallest zooplankton are single-celled protozoans, also called microzooplankton, which eat the smallest phytoplankton cells in the ocean. Dense blooms of some organisms can deplete oxygen in coastal waters, causing fish and shellfish to suffocate. These tiny cells, some only a micron across, are invisible but present in numbers of hundreds of thousands of cells per tablespoon of ocean water. Too small to be caught in any net, these organisms were unknown until the 1970s, when improved technology made them visible.

Great white sharks are hanging out in the twilight zone and scientists don’t know why

Both salps and krill also live in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica, and both feed directly on the great abundance of phytoplankton there. Scientists think that the extent of sea ice and the temperature of the ocean each year may influence the balance between salp and krill populations. Unfortunately, the gelatinous salps have much lower nutritional content and therefore are not good food for those higher-level animals.

• Unfortunately, the gelatinous salps have much lower nutritional content and therefore are not good food for those higher-level animals.

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• Despite the extreme environment, organisms here must find food and mates and avoid predators, just as they do in any ecosystem, and they have special adaptations that allow them to do so.

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• The midnight zone is also where many larvae spend time developing before they migrate to other regions of the ocean as adults.

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• Scientists have found that some zooplankton from the sunlit zone migrate down into the midnight zone during the day to avoid predators.
• Because they need light, phytoplankton live near the surface, where enough sunlight can penetrate to power photosynthesis.

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• Rising in the dark after sunset, these animals feast on phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other surface-dwelling organisms throughout the night, then return to depth as light returns at dawn.

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Chasing Ocean ‘Snowflakes’

They take up, transform, and recycle elements needed by other organisms, and help cycle elements between species in the ocean. Many creatures called zooplankton are also tiny protists, but the category simultaneously includes animals on the other end of the size scale. Jellyfish are among the simplest animals on Earth and are considered plankton, but some individuals have been measured at 130 feet long, longer than a blue whale. Larger phytoplankton are single-celled algae also known as protists—tiny organisms that also contain chloroplasts. Many photosynthetic protists are capable of movement and some also hunt and eat other single-celled organisms. Little is known about the animals that inhabit these waters, and even less is known about microbial life in this zone.

WHOI working to address ocean acidification; protect region’s vital shellfish industry

Scientists now know these bacteria are responsible for half of the ocean’s primary productivity and are the most abundant organisms in the sea. Because they need light, phytoplankton live near the surface, where enough sunlight can penetrate to power photosynthesis. Scientists are particularly interested in the various ways animals here bioluminesce and how their visual systems are adapted to detect this natural glow. Because they may play an extensive role in the carbon cycle and eventual deep-sea carbon storage, understanding their activity is an essential step toward addressing climate change. These vehicles are piloted remotely from ships to which they are tethered and collect water samples, organisms, video, and still photos of life in the depths. In addition to the lack of light, the midnight zone is characterized by a steady temperature of around 4° Celsius (39° Fahrenheit).

• By feeding at the surface before returning to deeper waters, these animals actively carry carbon deeper into the water column.
• Through photosynthesis these organisms transform inorganic carbon in the atmosphere and in seawater into organic compounds, making them an essential part of Earth’s carbon cycle.

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• Scientists now know these bacteria are responsible for half of the ocean’s primary productivity and are the most abundant organisms in the sea.

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• Without it, the amount of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere would be twice as large as what humans have already added.

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• Scientists are particularly interested in the various ways animals here bioluminesce and how their visual systems are adapted to detect this natural glow.

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• Many photosynthetic protists are capable of movement and some also hunt and eat other single-celled organisms.

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Mesobot, Follow that Jellyfish!

Every evening in the ocean, animals that spend their days in the deep, dark waters of the ocean’s twilight zone swim to the surface to feed. Rising in the dark after sunset, these animals feast on phytoplankton, zooplankton, and other surface-dwelling organisms throughout the night, then return to depth as light returns at dawn. By feeding at the surface before returning to deeper waters, these animals actively carry carbon deeper Bonisa casino into the water column. When sunlight hits the ocean’s surface waters, it stimulates tiny marine plants called phytoplankton to photosynthesize. This process removes carbon dioxide dissolved in the water as phytoplankton incorporate the carbon as they grow. As carbon dioxide levels in surface waters decrease, water is then able to absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.